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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Ultrabright electron ： ウィキペディア英語版 Ultrabright electron Ultrabright Electrons are an advanced atomic imaging tool that can allow scientists to view atoms and molecules in motion.〔Dwayne Miller, R.J. "Mapping Atomic Motions with Ultrabright Electrons: The Chemists' Gedanken Experiment Enters the Lab Frame" Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 65, 2014, p. 583 -604〕 They were developed at the Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter in Hamburg, Germany and at the University of Toronto with the teams led by Professor R.J.D. Miller.〔 ==Brightness== The brightness of an electron beam is defined for any given point as the current per unit area normal to the given direction, per unit solid angle. Mathematically this is defined using limits as the area and solid angle tend to 0. The general formula is, $B=\; \backslash lim\_\; \backslash lim\_\; \delta I/\delta A\delta \Omega$ 〔Worster, J. "The brightness of electron beams" British Journal of Applied Physics, 1969, p. 1〕 An Ultrabright Electron beam has been defined as having >10 A/cm^2 with spatial coherence of >1 nm.〔 This level of energy in that small of a coherence is a large technical problem, not only in the production of such a beam, but also how to use the beam without destroying the sample in the process of characterization.〔 The singular problem of sample destruction was taken care of by studying reactions that are photo-active and prepared in such a way that reduced potential barriers.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ultrabright electron」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.